Archive for the ‘taxonomy’ Category

2010 in review – last year’s resolutions

Tuesday, January 4th, 2011

Here’s what we proposed to do in 2010, as outlined in my post from December 30, 2009:

  1. Address [perceived] humidity problems. In 2009 we implemented irregular monitoring of relative humidity inside the Insect Museum and inside our cabinets, mainly because Gardner Hall, in my experiences as a museum curator, lacks adequate climate control. During several summer days in 2009 we measured RH values of 60%+ inside the collection, which is a major concern for pest outbreaks, including fungi. So for 2010 we purchased a new, highly accurate monitor and began recording RH more rigorously (at least at first). During the hottest, muggiest days of 2010 the RH inside our cabinets never climbed higher than 33% and was never higher than about 50% in other parts of the room. Success!
  2. Post regular pest monitoring results. We were fairly consistent in posting results here or through our Google calendar up through September … but alas, our efforts in the waning months were sporadic at best. Conclusion – we failed to consistently share our pest monitoring results (goes for humidity monitoring as well, in fact, especially after August). Failure.
  3. Database Coccinellidae and Aphididae. We proposed to do this as part of our BRC grant, and while we have only just begun our slide databasing (i.e., the aphid collection largely remains analog). We’ve accomplished far more in the specimen-digitization arena than I anticipated, though, thanks in a very large part to our data entry expert, Kelly Dew. Success!
  4. Write North Carolina insect-of-the-week blog posts. In our BRC proposal we offered to initiate a biweekly, “insect of the fortnight” blog series that highlights the species native to North Carolina. Well, we outdid ourselves. Nine Insect Museum researchers, plus another eight ENT 502 students, crafted a full 52 pages that celebrated North Carolina insects. The exemplars were chosen somewhat haphazardly, with an overarching intention to represent species across the hexapod phylogeny. A couple orders got short shrift (apologies to Ephemeroptera and Archaeognatha), but our coverage ended up being broad, and the species pages ended up being quite informative. For me, this was a great excuse to deeply explore our collection and its representation of North Carolina’s fauna, and the process added both anecdotal and real data we can incorporate into our profiling scheme. This exercise also forced us to sit down every week and database specimens (mostly) outside of our target taxa. One aspect that all of us, I think, underestimated was exactly how much time it takes to write up an accurate and content-rich species page, complete with images and specimen data. Some posts took more than five fun-filled hours to complete. Can we sustain this series through 2011? I think we should! Success!
  5. Profile the entire collection and make results accessible. We did manage to profile the entire collection. We did not, however, publish the results anywhere. I’ll fix that this week, hopefully. Success pending publication. Success!
  6. No more legacy data. We promised to stop adding purely analog specimens to the research collection in 2010. I am happy to report that all specimens accessioned last year were databased and uniquely identified. Their metadata will soon be available through GBIF! Success!
  7. Establish a consistent, weekly sorting session to deal with bulk and receiving material. Wednesday nights, from 5:00-9:00pm – if you weren’t there you were square. Well … maybe it didn’t happen every Wednesday, but we made a decent effort. Numerous bulk samples were sorted, and the majority of our Hymenoptera receiving was sorted to family or below. We still have a lot of work to do, but 2010 was an excellent start. Success!
  8. Add 5,000 Hymenoptera specimens to the research collection. I’m still trying to sort this one out. We just might have contributed that many hymenopterans to the research collection, but most are from bulk samples that belong to other institutions (i.e., loans of exotic species, from which we can likely keep many duplicates). We’ve certainly sorted out enough Hymenoptera to process, but they aren’t quite mounted and determined to genus yet. I need another couple weeks to call this one. Success pending more information.

Some room for improvement and some lessons for next year, but overall we made significant improvements to our collections and our outreach potential. Up next – resolutions for 2011!

New crazy-legged dance fly

Tuesday, October 5th, 2010

This is my first post to the insect museum blog, though I’ve been at NCSU for a couple years now.  Actually, its the first time I’ve blogged about anything anywhere.  I guess it took an insect this amazing to drag me into the 21st century:

Empis jaschhoforum

What you see above are alternative male morphs of a new dance fly species, Empis jaschhoforum (family Empididae), just described by my colleague Christophe Daugeron) at the Paris Museum (with myself and two other co-authors).   The specimens were collected in a malaise trap on Mt. Fuji, Japan in 1999 and later sent to Christophe.  He was astounded to discover that males with strangely modified, balloon-like tarsi were identical in every other way to normal Empis males in the sample.  There are lots of other dance flies with weird secondary sexual traits, but two things are unique about Empis jaschhoforum: first, that the modification is asymmetrical in most cases, and occurs on either side of the body; and second, that the modification is polymorphic – that is, not all males have modified legs.  Only one specimen was found with both forelegs modified.

Since no one has studied these flies alive, we can’t be sure what the balloon legs are used for, but as in many other dance flies, they probably function to attract females.  However, because they are not found on both forelegs or on all flies, there is probably some selective disadvantage to having grossly deformed legs.  Maybe flies with one modified leg can’t chase females too well, and flies with two modified legs are hopelessly slow?

One thing is clear – somebody needs to go to Mt. Fuji and spend some time watching flies.

P.S.  This is just one of the many really cool dance flies out there.  You can find more at our project website, which I am hoping to move to insectmuseum.org in the next week or so.

Citation:

C. Daugeron, A. Plant, I. Winkler, A. Stark, M. Baylac. 2010. Extreme male leg polymorphic asymmetry in a new empidine dance fly (Diptera: Empididae). Biology Letters, published online Sept. 22, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0726.

formalizing and extending the North Carolina Insect of the Week

Friday, September 17th, 2010

You may notice that today’s Insect of the Week post looks a little bit different, with its embedded Google Map of NCSU specimens, its more regimented categories and embedded images, etc. What’s going on? Well, Matt Yoder, a researcher in the Museum, has been rewriting certain aspects of the database software we use for digitizing specimens (mx) in order to enable Web-published species pages that directly incorporate NCSU specimens. This functionality isn’t new, mind you, as we’ve already used previous variations to publish species descriptions to the Web (e.g., this page for Alobevania tavaresi). What is new is the ability to plug the content into just about any other Web resource using the generated iframe. Next up: XML mark-up that enables the Encyclopedia of Life to scoop our content for their species pages (hence the more formalized sections of this post – Diagnosis, Natural History, etc.)

The North Carolina Insect of the Week series will roll on, showing up here on Fridays, as usual. Future pages will also be indexed on a new and improved Insect Museum database site. We’re very excited!

student collections

Monday, September 13th, 2010

I teach the Insect Biodiversity and Evolution class every fall, and the one requirement I get the most feedback about is the insect collection. All (serious) entomology programs offer a course on insect systematics/classification and evolution/taxonomy/etc., and the collection component is, or at least should be, a right of passage for all entomologists. I’ve been directly involved in teaching or taking this kind of course at three universities, and from my experience students overwhelmingly find the experience to be rewarding because:

  1. they were exposed to numerous kinds of sampling methods and habitats (often including fun field trips)
  2. they got to experience (intimately) the shear diversity of Hexapoda
  3. they learned about natural history, often by observing the specimens while they were alive
  4. they love the treasure hunting nature of this exercise
  5. they typically feel a profound sense of accomplishment at what they were able to achieve (coupled, however, with the depression that it’s all over!)

But there are always those students who underestimate the amount of effort it takes to pull this stunt off – collecting, mounting, labeling, rough sorting, keying, curating, … etc. The exercise consumes a lot of time and energy and cannot be put off until the very last day or even week. It is this aspect that forces me to tinker with the collection requirements every year (here’s the latest collection incarnation), so that students are not only graded fairly but also so that they don’t feel like they’ve been kicked in the head afterward, during the mad scramble to get it done in December. I’ve revisited past requirements, consulted with colleagues at other departments, implemented complex, taxon-specific grading algorithms, raised, lowered, and then raised again the minimum number of orders/families or had no minimums at all – you name it!

Well Gimmel and Ferro (2010) recently published an article in the latest American Entomologist that is a must read for anyone charged with developing or taking this kind of course. I enjoyed it so much I made my students read and discuss it during their first week of class. The take-home message was pretty clear: collect early, collect often, process early, process often, determine early, determine often. It can be done and it will be fun.

Insect of the week – number 25

Friday, June 25th, 2010

Beautiful shot of Liposcelis bostrychophila, captured by Alby Oakshott.

Psocodea: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931

Earlier this week I perused our North Carolina Insect of the Week series to figure out which orders hadn’t yet been represented. There are plenty of flies and beetles among the first 24 posts (and with good reason, as they’re incredibly diverse) and only two hymenopterans (remarkable restraint on our part, considering how many hymenopterists are at the Museum!) We haven’t yet covered a louse (sensu lato; Psocodea), though. After immersing myself in the Museum’s Psocodea collection for almost two hours I can see why. Very little is known about the Psocodea of North Carolina, outside of the few economically important species and the parasitic lice found on game birds. At least that’s what I can interpret from our meager collection. And so this week’s species is the common book louse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, one of the few species that we do know a lot about in North Carolina.

Natural History: Book lice derive their common name from their habits as voracious consumers of (generally) older books; they eat the pages’ delicious starch sizing. They also graze on mold, pollen, cereals, dead insects, and just about anything else you can imagine, plucked from the environment with their stylets and devoured with zest. These insects can definitely be pests in natural history collections, should the relative humidity be above a certain threshold (about 60%, I’m told). I’ve observed book louse-damaged structures, like antennae and palps, on insects in other collections (nibbled down like a corn cob), and I’ve seen book lice consume the pollen off of bee specimens. This species (and some other Liposcelis) can also be important pests of stored products. The collecting event labels on our Liposcelis specimens provide the evidence! These are verbatim statements from the labels on our slide- and alcohol-preserved collection (bracketed words are my own):

  • in wheat flour
  • in corn meal
  • in cereal
  • in rice
  • in dead leaf [OK, no so pestiferous]
  • under bark
  • in box of dead insects [!]
  • found on “pinning board” [for pinned insects, I presume]
  • on old food package
  • on book shelf in apartment
  • in book
  • in [pet] parakeet nest
  • from bird’s nest
  • in unopened bag of unpopped popcorn
  • artificial Christmas tree – apparently feeding on some sort of compressed cereal product, a cookie-like or biscuit-like material

That last one is a classic. Another fascinating evolutionary fact is that liposcelidids share a more recent common ancestor with parasitic lice than they do with most bark lice (i.e., they are more closely related to parasitic lice).

Taxonomic History: There are ~119 species in Liposcelis worldwide, and several are pestiferous. L. bostrychophila was described from Mozambique by André Badonnel in 1931. Whether it’s native to eastern Africa I can’t say, but the species is now virtually cosmopolitan (successful due to its parthenogenic life history, perhaps). There are six junior synonyms of L. bostrychophila—a common phenomenon with species that spread around the world recently, people describe them as new/different species from each locality. The type specimen, I assume, is at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève.


One of our slide-mounted Liposcelididae (=Liposcelidae). Note the intimate association with insect collections(!).

Specimens in the NCSU Insect Museum: I wasn’t being modest when I said that our Psocodea collection was meager. We have a mere five slide boxes, three of which are dedicated parasitic lice. We also have nine racks of wet specimens: three dedicated to parasitic lice and six for bark lice. A single drawer holds our pinned collection of Psocodea. Very few of our specimens are determined to species, and, in fact, none are determined as Liposcelis bostrychophila…despite the profusion of book lice (probably this very species!) in one of our own classrooms.

Find out more:

Bess, Emilie. 2009. Liposcelididae. Version 25 March 2009 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Liposcelididae/14455/2009.03.25 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

BugGuide’s Liposcelis page: http://bugguide.net/node/view/255031

Psocodea Species File. Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931.

Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, 1931 records at GBIF. (53 as of today)

NC insect of the week – number 12

Friday, March 19th, 2010

Axion tripustulatum, as illustrated in plate 1 of Gordon’s (1985) opus on Coccinellidae.

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Axion tripustulatum (DeGeer, 1775)

A component of our recent NSF BRC grant is to database all of our ladybird beetle specimens. Well, those data are finally rolling in, so this week we’ll cover this beautiful North Carolina native: Axion tripustulatum (DeGeer, 1775).

This cool beetle is fairly easy to diagnose. Its general habitus is strongly convex, and the color pattern is very consistent (unlike the introduced Asian multicolored ladybird beetle!) – all black, with two red spots anterolaterally and (usually) one posteromedially. They’re usually about 6 mm long and 5 mm wide, and their elytra have strong lateral margins.

A. pustulatum is one of only two species of Axion found in North America. It was described by DeGeer in 1775 as Coccinella 3-pustulatum, was transferred and respelled by Mulsant in 1850 as Exochomus tripustulatus and was finally transferred to Axion by Crotch in 1874. The type locality is “Pensylvania” (the species is distributed throughout eastern North America). Type specimens for A. tripustulatum and its synonym Coccinella verrucatus Melscheimer, 1847 are apparently lost, but the type for the synonym A. incompletus Nunenmacher, 1911 is at the California Academy of Sciences.

Like most other ladybird beetle species, A. tripustulatum dines on other insects and apparently specializes on Sternorrhyncha. Prey records include Kermes (Kermesidae) and Quadraspidiotus (Diapsididae) scales. A. pustulatum overwinters as adults.

The NCSU Insect Museum has 32 specimens right now, the vast majority of which were collected between 1900-1950. Our most recent specimen was collected at Lake Wheeler in 1969 by our very own Lew Deitz. The Museum’s georeferenced specimens can be explored by downloading this KML file – AxionPustulatum.kml (right click, save as) – and opening it in Google Earth. Has it really been 40 years since we last saw this species in North Carolina?! Only one specimen has shown up at the Lost Ladybug Project!

Find out more

Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 93 (1): i-iii, 1-912

Axion tripustulatum (DeGeer, 1775) on BugGuide

Leng, C. W. 1908. Notes on Coccinellidae.—III. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 33-44.

Axion tripustulatum records at GBIF (3 records).